Civil Rights Sources

Excerpts From the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Supporting Question 1 Featured Source B

Excerpts from the Civil Rights Act of 1964

An Act

To enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as the "Civil Rights Act of 1964".

TITLE I--VOTING RIGHTS …

"(2) No person acting under color of law shall--

"(A) in determining whether any individual is qualified under State law or laws to vote in any Federal election, apply any standard, practice, or procedure different from the standards, practices, or procedures applied under such law or laws to other individuals within the same county, parish, or similar political subdivision who have been found by State officials to be qualified to vote;

"(B) deny the right of any individual to vote in any Federal election because of an error or omission on any record or paper relating to any application, registration, or other act requisite to voting, if such error or omission is not material in determining whether such individual is qualified under State law to vote in such election; or

"(C) employ any literacy test as a qualification for voting in any Federal election unless (i) such test is administered to each individual and is conducted wholly in writing, and (ii) a certified copy of the test and of the answers given by the individual is furnished to him within twenty-five days of the submission of his request made within the period of time during which records and papers are required to be retained and preserved

…

TITLE II--INJUNCTIVE RELIEF AGAINST DISCRIMINATION IN PLACES OF PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION
SEC. 201. (a) All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, and privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin.

(b) Each of the following establishments which serves the public is a place of public accommodation within the meaning of this title if its operations affect commerce, or if discrimination or segregation by it is supported by State action:

(1) any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment which provides lodging to transient guests, other than an establishment located within a building which contains not more than five rooms for rent or hire and which is actually occupied by the proprietor of such establishment as his residence;

(2) any restaurant, cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, or other facility principally engaged in selling food for consumption on the premises, including, but not limited to, any such facility located on the

premises of any retail establishment; or any gasoline station;

(3) any motion picture house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, stadium or other place of exhibition or entertainment; and

(4) any establishment (A)(i) which is physically located within the premises of any establishment otherwise covered by this subsection, or (ii) within the premises of which is physically located any such covered establishment, and (B) which holds itself out as serving patrons of such covered establishment.

…

TITLE IV--DESEGREGATION OF PUBLIC EDUCATION DEFINITIONS
SEC. 401. As used in this title--

(a) "Commissioner" means the Commissioner of Education.

(b) "Desegregation" means the assignment of students to public schools and within such schools without regard to their race, color, religion, or national origin, but "desegregation" shall not mean the assignment of students to public schools in order to overcome racial imbalance.

(c) "Public school" means any elementary or secondary educational institution, and "public college" means any institution of higher education or any technical or vocational school above the secondary school level, provided that such public school or public college is operated by a State, subdivision of a State, or governmental agency within a State, or operated wholly or predominantly from or through the use of governmental funds or property, or funds or property derived from a governmental source.

(d) "School board" means any agency or agencies which administer a system of one or more public schools and any other agency which is responsible for the assignment of students to or within such system.

…

TITLE VI--NONDISCRIMINATION IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS 
SEC. 601. No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.

TITLE VII--EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
DEFINITIONS
SEC. 701. For the purposes of this title--

(a) The term "person" includes one or more individuals, labor unions, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, mutual companies, joint-stock companies, trusts, unincorporated organizations, trustees, trustees in bankruptcy, or receivers.

…

DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF RACE, COLOR, RELIGION, SEX, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN
SEC. 703. (a) It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer--

(1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; or

(2) to limit, segregate, or classify his employees in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

(b) It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employment agency to fail or refuse to refer for employment, or otherwise to discriminate against, any individual because of his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, or to classify or refer for employment any individual on the basis of his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

(c) It shall be an unlawful employment practice for a labor organization--

(1) to exclude or to expel from its membership, or otherwise to discriminate against, any individual because of his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin;

(2) to limit, segregate, or classify its membership, or to classify or fail or refuse to refer for employment any individual, in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities, or would limit such employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee or as an applicant for employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; or

(3) to cause or attempt to cause an employer to discriminate against an individual in violation of this section.

(d) It shall be an unlawful employment practice for any employer, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining, including on-the-job training programs to discriminate against any individual because of his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in admission to, or employment in, any program established to provide apprenticeship or other training.

…

TITLE VIII--REGISTRATION AND VOTING STATISTICS
SEC. 801. The Secretary of Commerce shall promptly conduct a survey to compile registration and voting statistics in such geographic areas as may be recommended by the Commission on Civil Rights. Such a survey and compilation shall, to the extent recommended by the Commission on Civil Rights, only include a count of persons of voting age by race, color, and national origin, and determination of the extent to which such persons are registered to vote, and have voted in any statewide primary or general election in which the Members of the United States House of Representatives are nominated or elected, since January 1, 1960. Such information shall also be collected and compiled in connection with the Nineteenth Decennial Census, and at such other times as the Congress may prescribe. The provisions of section 9 and chapter 7 of title 13, United States Code, shall apply to any survey, collection, or compilation of registration and voting statistics carried out under this title: Provided, however, That no person shall be compelled to disclose his race, color, national origin, or questioned about his political party affiliation, how he voted, or the reasons therefore, nor shall any penalty be imposed for his failure or refusal to make such disclosure. Every person interrogated orally, by written survey or questionnaire or by any other means with respect to such information shall be fully advised with respect to his right to fail or refuse to furnish such information.

TITLE IX--INTERVENTION AND PROCEDURE AFTER REMOVAL IN CIVIL RIGHTS CASES 

…

SEC. 902. Whenever an action has been commenced in any court of the United States seeking relief from the denial of equal protection of the laws under the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution on account of race, color, religion, or national origin, the Attorney General for or in the name of the United States may intervene in such action upon timely application if the Attorney General certifies that the case is of general public importance. In such action the United States shall be entitled to the same relief as if it had instituted the action.

…

TITLE X--ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNITY RELATIONS SERVICE 

…

SEC. 1002. It shall be the function of the Service to provide assistance to communities and persons therein in resolving disputes, disagreements, or difficulties relating to discriminatory practices based on race, color, or national origin which impair the rights of persons in such communities under the Constitution or laws of the United States or which affect or may affect interstate commerce. The Service may offer its services in cases of such disputes, disagreements, or difficulties whenever, in its judgment, peaceful relations among the citizens of the community involved are threatened thereby, and it may offer its services either upon its own motion or upon the request of an appropriate State or local official or other interested person.

…

TITLE XI--MISCELLANEOUS
SEC. 1101. In any proceeding for criminal contempt arising under title II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII of this Act, the accused, upon demand therefor, shall be entitled to a trial by jury, which shall conform as near as may be to the practice in criminal cases. Upon conviction, the accused shall not be fined more than $1,000 or imprisoned for more than six months.

This section shall not apply to contempts committed in the presence of the court, or so near thereto as to obstruct the administration of justice, nor to the misbehavior, misconduct, or disobedience of any officer of the court in respect to writs, orders, or process of the court. No person shall be convicted of criminal contempt hereunder unless the act or omission constituting such contempt shall have been intentional, as required in other cases of criminal contempt.

Al Capone

Al Capone Biography:

Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?

Here is the story of some real Robber Barons: Fisk, Gould, and Cooke. 

But what about other entrepreneurs? Where they Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?

Andrew Carnegie

It shall be the rule for the workman to be Partner with Capital, the man of affairs giving his business experience, the working man in the mill his mechanical skill, to the company, both owners of the shares and so far equally interested in the success of their joint efforts.
—Andrew Carnegie

Today in History

Edgar Thomson Works, Carnegie Steel Co (Click on any of the images for photographs.)

Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie Grows Up Working (Click "Next" for succeeding pages.)

Andrew Carnegie and His Parents (Click "Next" for succeeding pages.)

Andrew Carnegie Philanthropist (Click "Next" for succeeding pages.)

From The Richest Man in the World: Andrew Carnegie on The American Experience, (NOTE: This site contains a great deal of information and documents relating to Carnegie, including those listed below.)

Letters about the Homestead Strike

Information about the Carnegie Mansion

Carnegie Biography

Interactive Timeline (Frames Version; Text Only Version)

The Two Andrews

The Wrong Career Path?

The American Experience | Andrew Carnegie | Gilded Age

How to Succeed in Life by Andrew Carnegie on the EDSITEment resource Learner.org

The Gospel of Wealth on The Internet Modern History Sourcebook

Cornelius Vanderbilt

I have been insane on the subject of moneymaking all my life.
- Cornelius Vanderbilt

You have undertaken to cheat me. I won't sue you, for the law is too slow. I'll ruin you.
-Cornelius Vanderbilt

Cartoon, "The Great Race for the Western Stakes" (and brief text)

A Ferry to a Fortune

A Business Biography of Cornelius Vanderbilt

"Cornelius Vanderbilt" and "The Erie Railroad Wars" (move down the page until you locate the sections entitled "Cornelius Vanderbilt" and "The Erie Railroad Wars") 

J. P. Morgan

Labor Union versus Morgan

Brief Biography from The American Experience

Biography of Morgan from Morgan Library

First Public Demonstration of Edison's Light Bulb from America's Library

Morgan Finances Edison on The Smithsonian Museum of American History. (Note: This archival document and the previous article are here for their reference to Morgan as one of Edison's "main investors," showing how a financier like Morgan contributed to the American economy and quality of life.)

John D. Rockefeller

American Experience: The Rockefellers from PBS

John D. Rockefeller Timeline

The Rockefellers People

Biography of John D. Rockefeller, Senior

Paragraph on Rockefeller's cornering of the market and game

Annotated Timeline

Rockefeller's Mark on America: Interactive Map

Critical Letter to the NY Times about Rockefeller

Letters to Rockefeller Requesting Donations

Standard Oil of New Jersey (move down the page until you locate the section entitled "Standard Oil of New Jersey") on American History 102: Civil War to the Present

Note: All links for this lesson were provided by http://edsitement.neh.gov

Union v. Confederacy + Civil War Topics

Union v. Confederacy

Ironclads - Monitor v. Merrimac

Focusing Prompts: 

1. How did the Monitor and the Merrimac change naval battle?

2. When were the ironclads built, and when did they battle?

The Civil War [Ep 2, 14:13 - 19:05]

Women in the War

Focusing Prompts:

1. What role did women take on during the Civil War?

2. How might these roles contribute to the growing/future women's movement?

The Civil War [Ep 5, 52:03 - 56:01]

Start of the Civil War

Civil War Begins

Harper's Ferry 

Focusing Questions:
1. What new advantage was the South shown it had?
2. Was John Brown a martyr or a villain?

Ken Burns' The Civil War (PBS) [time 28:00 - 32:58]

Secession

Proximal Cause: Election of Lincoln

December 1860 - South Carolina

January 1861 - Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisianna

February 1861 - Texas

April 1861 - Virginia

May 1861 - Arkansas, North Carolina

June 1861 - Tennessee

Focusing Questions: 

1. Why did the Southerners want to secede?

2. Did all Southerners want to secede or think secession would be successful?

3. How did Northerners react to secession?

Ken Burns' The Civil War (PBS) [time 35:08 - 42.41]

Lincoln's First Inaugural Address

Sectionalism and the Political Parties

Sectionalism 

Party	Description	Election of 1860
Democrats	- 1830s – rise in the support for economic and political opportunities for white males -       limited government that creates economic and political opportunities -       Jackson: “the planter, the farmer, the mechanic, the laborer all know thir success depends on their own industry and economy” -       Opposed national banks and corporations -       Attracted  Small merchants/working class in Northeast Southern planters suspicious of industrial growth Westerners (usually from the South) favoring agrarian economy and opposing powerful economic institutions in their region -       Franklin Pierce , Stephen Douglas	“Northern Dem” Candidate: Douglas Southern Dem Candidate: Breckinridge
Whigs	-   Established in 1834; mostly gone by 1856 -   Promoted expansion of the federal government, encouraging industrial and commercial development; creating an interwoven and consolidated national economy -   Favored national banks and corporations -   Tended to be wealthier, more aristocratic, more commercially ambitious than Democrats -   Attracted  Northeastern merchants/ manufacturers  wealthy Southern planters supporting commercial development and strengthening ties with the North (1830s) ambitious Western farmers and commercial class (usually from the Northeast) that supported internal improvement and rapid economic progress -   Henry Clay, Zachary Taylor -   Divided / destroyed by the KA-NE Act (1854)	- “Constitutional Union Party” Candidate: Bell  – supports union (unity), silent on slavery
Republicans	-   established in 1854 by Anti-NE Democrats and Whigs -   Anti-slavery and concerned about popular sovereignty -   Tried to attract Northern interest groups; claimed South was blocking the North’s economic aspirations -   Took a traditionally Whig platform: high tariff, Pacific railroad with federal financing	Candidate: Lincoln On Slavery:   - believed slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist, because he could not envision an easy alternative to slavery where it existed - did not believe that African Americans were prepared (and maybe never would be) to live on equal terms with whites - accepted the prevailing view that blacks were inferior (politically and socially) to whites, but believed they were entitled to natural human rights set forth by the Constitution – life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness - wanted to stop the spread of slavery; believed that if they stopped the spread, it would die out eventually - won with majority of electoral college, but only 2/5 of the popular vote

Free-Soil (A Party and a Perspective in the North)

-   became a party in 1848, when opponents of slavery were looking for a candidate who would take a stance on slavery -   Not a moral stance on slavery, but became the prevalent Northern perspective -   Believed in the right of all Americans to own property, control their own labor, and have opportunities for economic advancement -   Saw slavery as a closed, aristocratically controlled labor system -   Saw northern industry as an open, capitalistic, individualistic, progressive system

Pro-Slavery (Solidifying the Southern Way of Life)

-   Calhoun: the South should stop apologizing for  slavery as a necessary evil and defend it as a positive good -   Slavery is the basis for the South’s way of life and economy; the South’s economy was key to American economic success -   South  protected the welfare of its workers (unlike the North with its immigrant labor force)

The Underground Railroad

-      

       An informal chain of “stations” (anti-slavery homes) through which “passengers” (runaway slaves) were helped by “conductors” (usually white and black abolitionists) from slave states to Canada (and the North in general)

-       Harriet Tubman – famous conductor; runaway slave from Maryland – 19 trips bringing more than 300 slaves out of the South

o   Nicknamed “Moses” who led his people out of Eqypt

-       Later the reach of the Underground Railroad was greatly exaggerated, but its importance is huge, particularly as the South demanded more stringent slave laws